Radio Control Office Essay Example for Free

radio receiver Control top executive EssayThe first radio regulatory office was cognise as the Radio Construction and Maintenance Section under the Telegraph persona of the Bureau of Posts. This section was charged with the enforcement of radio polices and regulations, particularly the provisions of diddle No. 3396, known as the Ship Radio Station Law which was enacted on December 5, 1927. This law provides for the installations of radio obligatory for ships of Philippine register to comfort life and property at sea.On November 11, 1931, the Philippine Legislature enacted cloak No. 3846, known as the Radio Control Law of the Philippines.Section 8 of the law provides that the Secretary of Commerce and Communications is hereby authorized to create a Radio Regulation Section, Division or Office which shall take charge of carrying by the provisions of this Act and the regulations prescribed by him, to any bureau or office of his surgical incision, subject to his general wat ch and control. Thus, the Radio Control Division in the Bureau of Posts was created under the Secretary of Commerce and Communications.In 1939, the section of National Defense was organized pursuant to decision maker Order No. 230. It was realized whence that the functions of supervising and regulating the establishment and operation of all radio stations in the country were important to national defense and security. Consequently, the Radio Control Division was transferred to the Department of National Defence.Pursuant to Executive Order No. 94, series of 1947, the Department of Commerce and Industry was created. The Radio Control Division was again transferred from the Department of National Defense to the Department of Commerce and Industry. The reason for the transfer was that in time of peace, the function of radio regulations was a vital factor in the forward motion of commerce and industry and in the economic development of the country.On January 1, 1951, by virtue of the provisions of Executive Order No. 392, the Radio Control wag were transferred to the Department of Public Works and Communications. Actually, The Radio Control Division and the Radio Control Board were dickens distinct agencies with separate functions. The Division was charged with the supervision and regulation of the establishment and operation of all radio stations in the country. On the other hand, the Board implemented the provisions of the Radio Broadcasting Law, Act No. 3997, regarding the administration of the national radio broadcasting fund derived from radio receiver registration fees collected by the BIR, and the purchase, distribution, and installation of radio receivers to fourth and fifth class municipalities, municipal dominions, barrios and selected government institutions. In the Department of Public Works and Communications, the Radio Control Division was under the supervision of the Radio Control Board.In 1956, R.A. No. 1476 was enacted, abolishing the radio receiver registration fees in effect to a fault abolished the Radio Control Board. The Radio Control Division remained and continued to fuction under the Office of the Secretary of Public Works and Communications.On August 23, 1962, Department Order No. 51 was issued by the Secretary, Department of Public Works and Communications, changing the tell of the Radio Control Division to Radio Control Office. As provided in the IntegratedReorganization Plan of 1972, the Radio Control Office was retained and simulated the functions relative to the supervision and enforcement of policies, rules and regulations involving telecommunications. The Office, which was later named on July 1, 1974, as the Telecommunications Control Bureau, was headed by a Director who was assisted by an Assistant Director. The Office had four divisions and district offices, the number and locations of which were determined on the basis of necessity and effectiveness of the service.Board of CommunicationsThe Board of Communications, which was created under the Integrated Reorganization law of 1972, was the first quasi-judicial corpse with the adjudicatory powers on matters involving telecommunication services. The Board was composed of a full-time chairman who was of unquestioned integrity and recognized prominence in previous in the public eye(predicate) and/or private employment and two full-time members who were competent in all aspects of communications, sort of one of whom was a lawyer and the other an economist. The Director of the Radio Control Office and a senior representative of the Institute of Mass Communication of the University of the Philippines were made ex-oficio members. It may be noted that the regular members of the board were experts on telecommunications. The Chairman must have previous employment on telecommunications, and the other two full-time members must be competent on all aspects of communications, preferably one of whom was a lawyer and the other an economist . The reason for this organizational set-up is aptly stated in theIntegrated Reorganization Plan which states thatSince technical and economic determinants depart govern decisions with respect to economic regulation, the expertise involved should be strongly reflected on the composition of the body so that it can adequately review, revise, and decide on proposals and applications.The Board itself must also have the capability to adequately review, revise, and decide on all aspects under its coverage from both technical and economic points of view. friendship of the economic consideration involved must be coupled with the ability to distinguish, detect, and resolve possible conflicts with the corresponding technical considerations.The Board of Communications was attached to the Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications for administrative supervision. According to the IRP, the DPWTC was in direct possession of facts and situational appraisals inherent in its role in the fields of communications. Adjudicative Boards operating(a) under its umbrella would thus have direct access to the substantive bases for decision.The National Telecommunications CommissionBy virtue of Executive Order No. 546 go out July 23, 1979, the Telecommunications Control Bureau and the Board of Communications were abolished and have been integrated into a single entity now known as the National Telecommunications Commission. It is composed of a Commissioner and twoDeputy Commissioners, preferably one of whom is a lawyer and another an economist. The Commissioner and Deputy Commissioners should be of unquestioned integrity, proven competence, and recognized experts in their fields, related as ofttimes as possible to communications.The integration of the TCB and BOC into a single entity has for its purpose the effective and unified control and supervision of communications facilities and services.Executive Order No. 546 has also created the Ministry of Transportation a nd Communications which has administrative jurisdiction over the National Telecommunications Commission.Pursuant to Executive Order No. 125 as amended by Executive Order No. 125-A dated April 13, 1987, the National Telecommunications Commission is now an attached agency of the Department of Transportation and Communications (Sec.14).The Philippines National Telecommunications Commission (Filipino Pambansang Komisyon sa Telekomunikasyon), abbreviated as NTC, is an agency of the Philippine government under the Commission on Information and Communications Technology responsible for the supervision, adjudication and control over all telecommunications services passim the Philippines.

Immanuel Kant Essay Example for Free

Immanuel Kant EssayThe following is taken from Immanuel Kants The Metaphysics of Morals (Part II, The Science of Right), translated by W. Hastie with emendations and paragraph numbers added by Jeremy Anderson. The complete text is obtainable free online here. In this excerpt, Kant first explains what crime is and the different sorts of crimes (paragraph 1), which is not very important for our purposes. He then presents his assure that punishment is justified by the criminals having commit a crime (par. 2).This is to be contrasted with other theories of punishment such as the Utilitarian theory, according to which punishment is justified by the good it brings to society. Kant rejects the Utilitarian theory for two reasons. First, he believes it treats criminals as mere means to others good Kants Categorical Imperative forbids this. Second, the Utilitarian theory could, possibly, justify grueling an innocent soulfulness because of the good it might bring to society. To Kant, this sort of injustice is absolutely intolerable.Having explained why we punish people Kant goes on to discuss how and how much to punish criminals (par. 3-8). Here he asserts that the hurt done to the criminal should equal the hurt the criminal did to others, both in amount and in kind (in class we are calling this the be Punishment version of the lex talionis). The rest of the piece mostly explains what he means by this, with particular emphasis on the need for the death penalty. In paragraphs 8 and 10 Kant considers some interesting exceptions to the rule that murderers must be executed.Okay, so Kant believed that punishment should always be in response to a crime punishing someone to protect society or to deter others is im deterrent example. Kant goes on to say that it is also immoral for a person to commit a crime, and not be punished. In other words, every crime merits a punishment it is Kants form of equality. Kant refers to this as jus talionis, which is loosely translat es as the right of retaliation. However, Kant was opposed to punishing people if it took by their humanity.In other words, if a person tortures people, that person should not be punished by torture, because doing so would be dehumanizing OURSELVES. In other words, it would be asymmetrical to the level of the torturer. Kant did believe in Capital Punishment in fact, he insisted on it. He states in his book, Metaphysics on Morals, that according to Jus Talionis, murderers MUST die at that place is no earthly punishment other than death that can balance out a murder, and thus preserve Jus Talionis, the balance between crime and punishment.It is care a scale the side of justice must balance the side of injustice. An Exposition of Kants, Arendts, and Mills Moral Philosophy Immanuel Kant adheres to Deontological ethics. His theory offers a view of morality based on the principle of good will and indebtedness. According to him, people can perform good actions solely by good intent ions without whatsoever considerations to consequences. In addition, one must follow the laws and the categorical imperative in order to act in accordance with and from duty.Several other philosophers such as Hannah Arendt discuss Kants moral ism. In her case study The Accused and Duties of a Law-Abiding Citizen, Arendt examines how Adolf Eichmanns actions conformed to Kants moral precepts but also how they ran of afoul(postnominal) to his conception of duty. In contrast, John Stuart Mill adopts a teleological view of moral philosophy. He exposes his view of consequentialism and utilitarianism to argue that an action is morally right unaccompanied to the extent that it maximizes the aggregate happiness of all parties involved regardless of the motive.In the present paper, I will expose Kants moral precepts and the importance of duty in his Deontological principles. Then, I will evaluate Arendts report on Adolf Eichmann to analyze the ways in which his actions were in accordance t o or against Kants moral philosophy. I will conclude my discussion with an evaluation of Mills approach to morality in order to examine the differences between his teleological philosophy and Kants ethical principles.Kants moral philosophy is based on the categorical imperative (CI), good will, and duty. According to the CI, it is an absolute necessity, a command that humanity should accord with universalizable maxims to treat people as ends in themselves and exercise their will without any concerns about the consequences or conditions of their actions. This concept can also be denotative in systematic terms by the two following formulations.

Analysing Genetic Engineering With Reference To Plato Philosophy Essay

Analysing Genetic Engineering With Reference To Plato Philosophy EssayBy definition, hereditary engine room is the divergeing of the transmittable structure of an organism by artificial means, to obtain the well-nigh desir able-bodied traits. patronage the numerous bioethical issues, scientists be constantly on the mentality for ways to improve homo qualities such(prenominal) as intelligence, physical abilities, aesthetical appeal, or resistance to certain detrimental substances. There are some(prenominal) who scent that homo need and compulsion is far more dominant than ones obligation to adhere to strict morals. Furthermore, at that place are strong opinions from both sides of the argument, as somewhat believe that human , contagious engineering is a form of improving mankind while separates believe that it is morally inappropriate, as it crosses a threshold where we Play God. Lives could be changed, genes could be altered, and the entire human persist could be r evolutionized.The suggestion of eugenics first emerged in Platos extension. Platos Republic suggested that the group of Guardians should breed selectively. The Guardians volition cede families in common. Their children leave behind be raised in common, and most importantly, they entrusting not be randomly conceived. It was crucial that the children were bred according to the most desirable traits to become the best offspring, to modify the early of the Guardians. Every year, a breeding committee is selected to run a fertility festival. Suitable mates are selected by the state during ones child cathexis years through a lottery ticket. This approximation that humans should be bred similarly as animals was referred to as eugenics.THESISPlato justifies his desires for eugenics through emphasizing the benefits to the future generations. It is infallible that the general concept of eugenics is to alter the human race for the greater good, solely it is crucial to be aware of the consequences that this surgery contains. It is necessary to conserve human regeneration kind of than homogenize the population through abolishing the uses of human communicable engineering. The us geezerhood of human genetic engineering should be hindered due to the numerous controversies it brings about as well as the endangerment of the human species as a whole. Furthermore, human genetic engineering raises many moral distresses towards the values of the disabled, a parents rights to alter the genes of a child, aesthetic appeal, technological advances, cloning, and the risks. Ethicists gravel predicted that large margins of error will be achieved by activities which are related to unnatural processes such as the tampering with the roots of human temper. Moreover, the lack of technological expertise suggests that even the most miniscule error poses could head for the hills to unbearable consequences in this generation as well as the future generations. The process of puttin g eugenics into practice is much more complicated and dangerous than hypothesized. As a result, the authority to genetically alter smell for the sake of social progressions of humans is substantially questioned.DISABILITIESTechnological advantages as time progressed allowed humans to fantasize about putting the idea of human genetic engineering into practice. Undesirable traits will be lost and exactly the exceptional traits will reside among the human population. An article entitled Scientists Playing God? We should Rejoice by Minette Marrin explains the optimistic facts of eugenics and the trim back volume of benefits attained from removing disabilities. Marrin states, And what is appealing about this early screening is that endion and late abortion will be less frequently used in dealing with serious defects and disabilities. Although it is true that it would be easier to get rid of a tiny collection of cells, it contri exclusivelyenot be considered as a proper solution. W hether one decides to abort a tiny collection of cells or a multi-month old fetus is nonetheless regarded as a decision to prevent birth due to genetic disabilities. While it is generally perceived to be true that people would prefer not to be born with a dis tycoon, Simone Apis of the British Council of Disabled people suggests that there are many people with disabilities who would prefer to be born. Apis also points out that people who support the idea of playing God fate that a disabled mortals life is placed at a lower. Humans have spent decades researching and enhancing their k straightwayledge in the field of eugenics, but some have disregarded the fact that disabled humans are also humans. Life is indeed a precious gift that many disabled people will fight for their rights. Although life is perfect for no one, it is nevertheless worth living. Who is to decide what constitutes a life worthy of living? To say to a disabled person that they are equal and worth living while a t the same time aborting and preventing fetuses with the same disability is unashamed hypocrisy. By altering, killing, or discarding embryos with disabilities, eugenics is exemplified at its worst, and demonstrating the radical in fatal discrimination. Eliminating embryos that have impending disabilities is not equivalent to curing the actual diseases. Although people may be better off experiencing life without disabilities, they wouldnt be experiencing life at all if they were dead. If life was not worth living, then people would end it themselves. By providing the opportunity for every individual to experience life, it will be much more valued and cherished.People who attend schools with disabled children are proven to be more open-minded and innovative. Being exposed to such fundamental difference is simultaneously stimulating and educating. Thus, by eliminating the disabled from inn may not be as beneficial as perceived. It may have an opposite effect on caller, making us mo re bigoted, judgmental, and self-obsessed.Peter vocalist is one of the most influential philosophers in the solid ground. Singer is kn sustain as an animal rights activist, arguing that animals should share equal moral status as humans. Ironically, he supports euthanasia and infanticide for disabled human beings, greatly contrasting deontological values with his claimed utile beliefs. His utilitarian beliefs support the overall quality of life and the ability to experience happiness. He suggests that perhaps for the disabled, life is not worth living, as their abilities to feel spite outweigh their abilities to feel pleasure. In his book Animal Liberation, he argues that the animals ability to experience pain is sufficient to put them on equal grounds with humans. He wishes to abolish all subjects of speciesism, where Homo sapiens are no longer superior species. On the other hand, Singer creates division among disabled people and non-disabled organisms. Singer is often criticiz ed not because he includes animals in the realm of personhood, but because he leaves some humans out of it. He confirms that Its certainly nothing against people with disabilities that motivates my position. Its rather a desire to avoid suffering. It is paradoxical that Singers theory of utilitarianism eject be applied so easily to the liberation of animals, but encompasses a wide swerve of problematic implications when applied to humans. If he chooses to diminish the sufferings of animals through liberation, wherefore is it that he cannot do the same for disabled infants through minimization of their pain? In 1999, an article in The New Yorker identifies a crucial contradiction in Singers ethical beliefs. When his mother was suffering immensely from Alzheimers disease, portraying her as a nonperson on a lower floor Singers morals, not precisely did Singer not euthanize her, but he spent tens of thousands of dollars every year to provide the best care for her. Singer always bel ieved that expending money on charities towards diseases (ie breast cancer, heart disease) was a waste of money, as he would rather give his money to improve the lives of the healthy rather than travail to save the doomed. Singers response to his mothers illness was very sentimental, but it completely contradicted his utilitarian ethics. Singer is indeed a brilliant philosopher, but who is he to decide what is standard and that his ethical views towards the disabled are correct, when his overall ethical principles and actions are paradoxical within themselves?Stephen peddling is one of the most outstanding individuals in the 20th century. vending is a world renowned astrophysicist and cosmologist disabled by a motor neurone disease known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. While studying at the University of Cambridge, he was diagnosed with the motor neurone disease at the age of 21. Being a fortunate survivor, Hawking utilises a voice synthesizer to talk due to his body paralysi s. He furthermore describes himself as lucky despite his unfortunate disease, because his situation did not hinder him from having a family. It was the slow progression that provided him time to make influential discoveries. Hawking has been presented with an abundance of awards such as The Albert Einstein medallion in 1979, the Wolf Prize in Physics in 1988, The Copley Medal in 2006, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009, the highest civilian honour in the United States. Detecting a propensity for the disease which Hawking possesses in his parents could have led to his measure or termination.AESTHETICSThe advancement of technology has not only attempted to eliminate weaker genes, but it has also attempted to revolutionize aesthetic appeal. A full(a) society should be able to accept a wide range of archetypes of the good life. However, if a parent chooses characteristics which they figure are ideal but can cause suffering to the child, boundaries must be drawn to roughly define ideal. For example, if parents of a specific religious sect wanted to hinder their future childs ability to read to protect them against a possible corruption of faith, the child must be protected. With that being said, the difficulty of drawing the line is evident, as it is difficult to ascend a common ground in which genetic choices will justify the protection of children. In that case, restrictions which protect children from parental harm after birth should also be employ for protection against parental genetic choices. Some parents might think that their children would become more successful if they were more selfish, competitive, and aggressive. If many parents agreed with this thought, they would alter their own children with such characteristics so that they would not be disadvantaged. Decisions as such can lead to unwanted outcomes from the very people who contributed to them. In a society bounded with consumerism and the promotion of a single ideal identity, we a re approaching a world similar to Gattaca, eliminating all groups perceived as inferior. Transforming a generation as a whole based on a couple of ideal characteristics may not be so ideal after all.sit Scores/IntelligenceAn article entitled The Egg Market indicates that in the United States egg market, SAT scores determine the footings of a womans eggs. Although humans are far from understanding the true complexity of human genetic engineering, market forces have made their ways into the hearts and wallets of consumers. From the Georgia Institute of Technology, Professor Aaron Levine conducted a study of advertisements for egg donors. The applicants were required to submit their SAT scores and a precise description of all their physical features. Couples are willing to pay tens of thousands of dollars to secure an egg from a woman with a superior appearance and specific ethnicity. Couples are also willing to pay up to $5780 per 100 SAT points. To produce a child with characteris tics that do not belong to the parents themselves may create problems in the future. Parents usually identify with their children. They are often pleased when they see hints of their own characteristics glow from their child. Similarities between parents and children are what define the unchanging relationship, as parents will be able to sympathize with their children and build a stronger relationship mutually. However, if the children share no mutual features with the parents, despite the growthd abilities in the children, parents would lose the sense of parenthood. This moreover raises the question of whether the parents should be allowed to customize their child with perfect characteristics.ObesityRegardless of age, obese Americans suffer from constant discrimination from many aspects of life including relationships, employment, and education. In fact, weight appears to be a more persuasive form of discrimination, even more than other appearance-related factors such as age, rac e, or gender. With derogatory implications with the appearance of obese individuals, other characteristics such as intelligence and compassion are often overlooked. Obesity has been mated with negative stereotypes such as dirty, lazy, ugly or stupid by children in nursery schools. In a survey conducted, it is stated that 16% of expectant Americans would abort a baby with untreatable obesity. Furthermore, in 1988, another study conducted demonstrated that students would rather marry an embezzler, a drug addict, a shoplifter, or a cheat person than someone who was obese.Technological FlawsTo put human genetic engineering into practice is not a process that everyone can afford. As a result, only the wealthier families will be able to afford it. Individuals may be genetically engineered to be temporarily immune to certain diseases, as it is possible for another edition of disease to arise. On the other hand, scientists have learned from experience that progressive technology generate s pressures for its use. Consequently, if genetic engineering were permitted, it is highly possible that the technology would be utilized inappropriately, employed even if exercising a less risky method could establish a comparable outcome. There are also much confirm concerns that genetic engineering practitioners will overemphasize the benefits while understating the risks of the overall procedure. Because of the insufficient knowledge in the field of eugenics and frequent risks, there is inadequate justification to straighten out human genetic engineering. Until this day, the potential risks to future generations outweigh the advantages to a small number of individuals. Discoveries and stabilizations of such practices can result in international recognition, awards, grants, and other measures of wealth, status, and power. These are all compelling incentives to overstate benefits, take objectionable risks, and dismiss valid objections.Under circumstances where there is no preven tion of vast harmfulness and where a large number of people are put at considerable risk, it is obligatory to be cautious. When genetically engineered organisms live among society, they put everyone at risk, not only their creators.The term playing God implies that humans should not interfere with natural selection. However, it is undeniable human interference with certain aspects of natural selection led to natural discoveries such as medications. On the other hand, controversies arise when there is human interference with natural selection through the alteration of genes.CloningOne of the many greatly feared outcomes of genetic engineering is cloning. It is hypothesized that cloning could lead to a utopian race as well as to the ultimate annihilation of individuality. The mixing and unified of components and proteins has yet to be mastered, thus, until further knowledge is obtained, genetic engineering on humans is visibly risky and unsafe. On July 5th, 1996, Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned. Being of the Finn Dorset breed, although she had a lifespan of 11-12 years, Dolly suffered some unusual diseases which led her to live a life out of the ordinary and die at the age of six. If humans were to be cloned, would the results correspond to the fate of Dolly? The flaws of cloning suggest that there is alone not enough information and knowledge to perfect this type of genetic engineering. In addition, Dolly was created from an ewes egg and a cell from another ewes body. Throughout this process, no semen of ram was utilized. If that were ever to be applied to human beings, it would greatly affect the morals and values of males especially in patriarchal countries. Males would no longer be necessary for reproducing and eventually the population imbalance would increase even more than presently.Through her novel, Frankenstein, Mary Shelly attempts to alert the public to the consequences of tampering with life and death, where there are strong eff ects seen when toying with life. She furthermore presents a highly relevant caution against the dangers of the hubris that accompanies scientific knowledge. Scientists today are on the verge of becoming Frankensteins relentless in their work and ignorant of the sanctity of creation.In the late 1990s, Dr. Hwang Woo-Suk from the Seoul National University conducted various cloning experiments, including the successes in cloning a cow, and dog, and an attempt at cloning human somatic cells. Despite shrewd of the complexity of the DNA of a primate, Dr. Hwang continued to pursue his vision of cloning a human being. Eventually, he claimed to have successfully cloned human somatic cells, but was instantly shunned when there was clear evidence of fabricated data in his journals. As a result, he was charged with many accounts of fraud and embezzlement, throwing his entire occupational group down the drain. In the long run, his allure to be the first scientist to break through with revolution ary discoveries eventually hindered his success. His desire for the top spot in the world of erudition eventually led to his dishonest actions which in turn led to his downfall as a scientist and a well respected person. Being able to clone Dolly, the first sheep, was a landmark. It is not uncommon that Dr. Hwang would want to continue that enormous prestige, but sometimes the pressure of competition leads to actions that one would never think of undertaking. Morally, it is ultimately not beneficial to the human race as well as the scientific world. Similar to Dr. Hwang, many scientists are willing to risk their futures in an all or nothing gamble for the highest position. Scientists as such have defeated the overall purpose they have failed to realize that the entire reason why scientists originally supported eugenics through human genetic engineering was to improve the lives of humans, rather than fight for a prestigious position in the world of science for self fulfillment. Huma n genetic engineering has always been a dangerous experiment to tamper with, but with the increases of selfishness, it is becoming not only technologically dangerous, but also morally hazardous to our society.RisksOne of the most feared outcomes of genetic engineering is the possibility of producing an organism that will escape the control of its creator. This is exemplified through genetically engineered fish. As a transgenic animal, genetically engineered fish tend to raise problems when they interbreed with other fish that havent been genetically altered. If the process continues, it can potentially change the characteristic of wonderful fish in the most undesirable ways. The genetic engineering of humans presents more risks. As previously mentioned, our lack of technological knowledge could result in creating an organism turns out to be not as ideal as presumed. Furthermore, it is possible that different characteristics are genetically linked unpredictably. If this results in p roducing a race that was worse than expected, we would have no choice but to attempt to cope with them. There might be pleasant intentions for creating intellectual individuals only to know that they are genetically altered to be violent. Not only will there be catastrophic consequences, but the situation would be practically irreversible. Once the process starts, there is no going back. One must evaluate clearly before even entering the realms of human genetic engineering, as the great risks simply cannot justify the comparably minuscule benefits achieved. The risk of disastrous consequences should be enough to deter the uses of human genetic engineering.Philosophers or Scientists For/Against Genetic EngineeringHuman genetic engineering involves modifying the genotypes of humans before birth and manipulating certain traits of the individual. Furthermore, selective breeding as an attempt to bring out the best traits has also been practiced for centuries. The most prominent examples supporting Platos Republic is Nazi Germanys use of eugenics, eliminating the degenerates, the weak, the homosexuals, with hopes of improving the Aryan race as a whole. Adolf Hitler strongly believed that Germanys weakness originated from the weak and corrupt degenerates of society who were contaminating the German bloodstream. Adolf Hitlers use of Nazi eugenics not only sent the disabled to gas chambers, but also enforced sterilization against ones will.Sir Francis Galton was a coarse supporter of eugenics. As a eugenicist, anthropologist, and proto-geneticist, Galton suggested that only by extinction of the weak can a society elevate as a whole. He wrote books such as Hereditary Talent and Character (1865) and Hereditary Genius, which states, Consequently, as it is easy, notwithstanding those limitations, to obtain by careful selection a permanent breed of dogs or horses gifted with peculiar powers of running, or of doing anything else, so it would be quite practicable to produce a highly-gifted race of men by judicious marriages during several accompanying generations.Despite supporting the risks of genetic engineering, DNA code and Nobel laureate Dr. James D. Watson states that genetic engineering within humans is a matter far excessively important to be left solely in the hands of the scientific and medical communities.Political philosopher Michael Sandel argues that genetic engineering is indeed a problem as it represents a kind of hyperagency a Promethean aspiration to remake nature, including human nature, to serve our purposes and satisfy our desires.Nobel Prize winning biologist and Harvard Professor, George Wald, once wrote,Our morality up to now has been to go ahead without restriction to learn all that we can about nature. Restructuring nature was not part of the bargain. For going ahead in this direction may be not only unwise but dangerous. Potentially, it could breed new animal and plant diseases, new sources of cancer, novel epidemics.Hitle rs justification of enforcing eugenics is very similar to Platos justification. twain individuals wanted a pure race. In Hitlers case, he wanted a superior Aryan race and Plato wanted the Guardians to be a superior race. When Galton states that eugenics can produce a highly gifted race, he has not taken into the consideration the process behind the hypothesized result. Not only do Hitler and Galtons desire for an ideal race blind the real dangers in the progression, there is a higher possibility that the future is accelerating their fates of doom. Whether it is a Nobel laureate, a Harvard professor, or a political philosopher, the idea is the same. All three brilliant individuals understand the harm that stands in the way of enforcing eugenics through human genetic engineering. The process of altering nature can lead to dangerous and most importantly, irreversible modifications.CONCLUSIONDuring the time of Platos Republic, Platos intentions for eugenics were intended to create a su perior race. However, he has failed to realize that eugenics, especially through the process of genetic engineering, should be deeply prohibited, as it raises too many morally vexing concerns. The technology nowadays is insufficient to control the full process of genetic engineering. Despite this, humans are pressured under societal progressions to continue the process of revolutionizing the human race. Tampering with the nature of plants may result in positive and negative creations. Similarly, the genetic engineering of humans may lead to something revolutionary, but sometimes the promises of short term benefits will be plagued by long term misfortunes. The irreversible nature of human genetic engineering should be more than enough to hinder this process. Human genetic engineering leaves no room for errors, as the tiniest flaw in the processes can trigger fatal consequences that will affect the present as well as the future. It is necessary to conserve human diversity rather than homogenize the population. It is important to be sentimental towards the disabled, to question positive genetic engineering, as well as consider the numerous technological dangers. By enhancing intellectual skills, there could be a lack of resistance to a certain disease. In order to cope with the next century, we will have to alter and distort life of the planet, to the extent where the definition of being human is lost. Eugenics cannot be seen as the solution to eradicating disabled or aesthetically unappealing. Not only is that discrimination, but it also return the society as a whole. With that being said, no matter how much we attempt to perfect human nature, there is bound to be a price to pay with every distortion.

How Did Nazi Propaganda Influenced The Regime Politics Essay

How Did national socialist Propaganda Influenced The Regime Politics EssayBetween the years 1933 and 1939 the national socialist government in Germany grew incredibly fast. Hitler entered the National collectivistics cabinet in January 1933, and two months after this, Hitler had strengthen his political world violence by supposedly, entirely legal means. In order to merge their power as a strong political party, the national socialists were determined to convince mass of the value of their governing. One of the more or less direct means to convince the German people of the value of the National-Socialist ideas was by dint of propaganda that bring ups to the emotions and feelings of the German people after the crisis they had to experience after the First World War. In this paper I will prove to identify the methods expendd by the Nazi party in order to acquire the attention of the people and to establish the National-Socialism as the main party in Germany, as well as the importance that the Propaganda had in the outcome of the National Socialist regime and of the actions interpreted by them during the years of the Second World War. To attain this I will analyze Germanys patch in the period of 1933 to 1939, where the National Socialist regime achieved its main aim -to receive the main political power in the country- using propaganda as the main way to get the peoples attention that would lead them and would give support to whole the path of actions that were taken during the years of the war. I will analyse, for example, the importance of various legislative and administrative changes made by Hitler, the achievement of economical recovery as something that was used to appeal to the honour of the German people who were devastated by the consequences of the First World War, the creation of the sensation of fear through the use of imagery and language to control the people and how every ideal of the National-Socialist party was developed through pro paganda.B. Summary of EvidenceAlthough on that point are early(a) very important computes to attribute the consolidation of power of the National Socialists, propaganda was definitely one of the major causes of this. Even though it is extremely difficult to measure the exact extent in which propaganda affected the Nazi consolidation, the abundant propaganda campaign in which Hitler was portrayed as the savoir of Germany, had an enormous impact and influence on the German people.The master propagandist of the Nazi regime, Joseph Goebbels, was convinced that the Ministry had the mission of achieving militarization and mind of spirit on Germany1. In 1930 he became the headmaster of the propaganda division of the National-Socialist party, in this position he built the basis of the mass manipulation through propaganda. When Hitler fin every(prenominal)(prenominal)y achieved power he was named Minister of Popular Illustration and Propaganda and it was then when he became determined to switch the ideals and the mind of the German people to act in favour of the Nazi party. As a consequence of the idea of changing the German peoples mind as well as other National Socialist thoughts, Joseph Goebbels created a propaganda campaign in which Hitler was portrayed as a owing(p) man that helped the economical recovery of Germany -that was an important appeal to the German people ensureing the economic crisis they had to assume after the First World War- he was portrayed as Germanys saviour. Goebbels, in his attempt, to consolidate Nazi power and convince German people to support them, used the technique of total propaganda. In other words, the government had control over the media2. Goebbels took control of the newspapers, and although their writing style did not change, most the newspapers promoted fascism and Nazi German nationalism.Thanks to Goebbels work and the impact of the total propaganda technique, he was undoubtedly responsible for the rise of Hitler to the po wer and too the centre of the political situation in Germany. His position as the Minister of cosmos enlightenment and propaganda, gave him an absolute control of the mass communications media such as the press, radio, cinema and others. The culture created by the propaganda technique implemented and used by Goebbels created an entirely new era of mass manipulation. After they tested the effectiveness of the ministry of propaganda, and when the Nazi party was convinced some the importance of mass manipulation through media, they decided to split the Ministry into s level antithetic departments. Once they had taken over most Germany, the propaganda ministry was split into seven different departments that included Radio, Film, Theater, Music, Literature, Visual Arts and, of course, Propaganda. Every aspect of the life in Germany was permeated by the Ministry, the re-education and the mobilization of mind and spirit of the German People stop existence just an ideal of the National- Socialist party and became a fact and a way to proceed to accomplish a Nazi state with Nazi ideals supported by all the German people.As the Nazi party was trying to convince German clubhouse that the National Socialist regime was the best for them, they were also pickings part of the World War II. It was extremely important to convince people that fighting was necessary in order for Germany to stay stable. Propaganda played a extremely important role in the confidence of German people that supported the war, the ministry of propaganda made sure that the moral of the German people and of the soldiers fighting the war stayed focused on the ideals of the Nazi party. Most of Nazi German propaganda consisted of material sustaining the wartime effort. Besides this, Hitler and the higher Nazi leaders encouraged racism and wished to begin the extermination of races that they considered inferior. Although there were already some unhappinesss between the German Jews and other Germans, it was still necessary to convince the German population that action against them was necessary. The Nazis used the idea of the perfect and plain race that was planted into the peoples mind and that would lead to atrocities such as the Holocaust.They used posters stating facts like this to assure that the idea of the pure race would become important to every German person The Aryan race is tall, long legged, slim. The race is narrow-faced, with a narrow forehead, a narrow highbuilt nose and a set about jaw and prominent chin, the skin is rosy bright and the blood shines through . the hair is smooth, straight or wavy possibly curly in childhood. The distort is blond. Of course, to state the priority of the German Maser Race, the propaganda ministry made the people believe that one of the reasons why Germany was defeated in the First World War (and that would lead to all the economic problems and the shattering of the German spirit) was because the German race had become impure when the Aryans began marrying non-Aryans. This implied that, in order to stag Germany a strong country again and to make the people strong and confident, the Nazi party had to ensure the purity of the Aryan race. The use of the word pure was fundamental in Nazi propaganda.Propaganda essential not investigate the truth objectively and, in so far as it is favourable to the other side, present it according to the theoretical rules of justice yet it must present hardly that aspect of the truth which is favourable to its own side. () The receptive powers of the masses are very restricted, and their understanding is feeble. On the other hand, they quickly forget. such(prenominal) being the case, all-effectivepropaganda must be confined to a few bare essentials and those must be expressed as far as possible in stereotyped sortingulas.3This would explain why the use of simple words and formulas that appeal to the emotions of the audience were effectively used in Nazi propaganda4.These kind of statements, written by Hitler himself, prove that not everything said by the government was truth and that they were trying their best to convince people of the truths expressed in stereotyped formulas and repeated forever and a day though every type of media communication owned by the Ministry of propaganda. It also shows Hitlers main intention by introducing Nazi propaganda, which was to convince everyone that the National Socialist regime was the best for Germany. Even when there were lots of types of propaganda, all of them ended in the same conclusion and had the same intention of persuading people to support the National Socialist regime ideals and everything implied by them-.Some historians think that the main reason why the Nazi Germany regime remained in place was, in fact, due to the fear factor created by the Nazi propaganda and the language used to appeal to people5. Language became, through the use of propaganda, a tool to manipulate and to lead society to adapt w ithout question the government and the radical ideas the Nazi party had. Organizations such as the SS6would work to wipe out anyone who didnt agree with what the Nazi propaganda said. Although the fear factor influenced and was seen in a large majority, it affected a small minority. Thanks to this fear people would stop speaking about issues related to the National Socialist regime, they stopped disagreeing about what the Nazi party was trying to impose. We could say that both fear and propaganda were the main factors that may have helped to consolidate the Nazi power. Nazis justified their actions through the use of propaganda, the manipulation of language and images, the emotions and fears of the people and the idea of the pure race. An important example of this fact is what is known as The Night of the Long Knives, an opertation that took place on June thirtieth 1934 where the SS executed a series of political leader who were opposing to the Nazi ideas and to Hitler himself. The SS executed seventy men on charges of treason. Most of them were members of the SA also known as Sturmabteilung (Storm Section) or Brownshirts. This organization was openly against the National Socialist regime. This series of executions obviously caused more fear in society and decreased their rebellion intentions.C. Evaluation of seeded players.Source 1Randall L. Bytwerk , Bending Spines The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Re commonplace.This sources main purpose is to show why the Nazi propagandas had such a fast effect and how it wedged society from that time. It examines the range of techniques used by Nazis. It talks about how people were embraced by the propaganda it describes how the propaganda was in control of basically every media of communication that is what made it a very good source for this paper. However the hold also says that the effect of the propaganda did not last much and it explains that in a way, Nazi propaganda failed since they expe cted more of their propaganda than what it actually was able to do. This is one of the weaknesses if the source since it is a contradiction to what I am trying to prove which is that the Nazi propaganda had a huge effect in the outcome of the Nazi regime.Source 2Kallis, Aristotle A. Nazi Propaganda and the Second World War.This is a great source since it analyses every aspect of the effects of the Nazi propaganda, it explains how society was affected by it. It shows different kinds of perspectives, as the first source this one also says that the effect of the Nazi propaganda was not as big or as shocking as it is generally thought. It explains that the National Socialists were expecting propaganda to have a greater effect that what it had, however it had a part of the influence in the outcome of the Nazi regime.D. Analysis.Anyone who produced, distributed, sprinkleed, published or sold any form of media or press had to first join one of the propaganda ministry departments and follo w all the publishing rules they had. Hence, without the ministry license to arrange their businesses, all artists, writers, publishers, producers and directors could not work in their field. Along with these guidelines, they brought up the prohibition of all Jewish newspaper and media. Due to the abolition of every anti-Nazi publications and media in general, public felt that the overall mood of all the media was pro-Nazi. German people knew that disagreeing could cause a calamity, the terror present in German society at the Nazi time of government was ultimately what caused the consolidation of power in the Nazi Germany. The Nazi party conducted some symbolic acts such as the ceremonially book burning in 1933 that was proclaimed as an action against the un-German spirit that wanted to end with all the Jewish intellectualism through a purge by fire, all of this was proclaimed by the Press and Propaganda Ofiice of the Deutsche Studentenschaff (Student Association). Without a doubt, the propaganda used by the Nazis was influential on the actions of the German society, the popularity of the propaganda used in ht theatre and in the movies was evident if we consider the increase of movie viewers between 1933 (1 million viewers) and 1942 (250 million viewers). The moral and confidence of the German people was increased as well through propaganda and even through architecture7. All the arts were involved with the propagation of Nazi ideals. The significant number of movie viewers was thanks to Goebbels idea that movies should not be overly propagandists and must be entertaining. However as in every other media, the ultimate goal was to influence people and drag them into Nazism. Goebbels considered that the appropriate propaganda to be used in the movies should be using dramas centred on historical and influential figures.There were also some very straightforward war films that contained clear pro-German and pro- superpatriotic messages, other films that performed a slightly different propaganda function, such as 1936 Olympia, which showed that Germany could put on a magnificent show for the exceptionals. The huge success of the films during this period conveyed to the public the sense that Nazi regime was a regime of modern progress, breaking barriers in technology, convincing public that remaining with the Nazi party would be the only solution in order to progress.The Olympic Games of 1936 were handed to Berlin before the Nazis came to power, and Hitler thought of this as the perfect opportunity to demonstrate the world how efficient the Nazi Germany was. The Berlin Olympic Games were also the perfect scenario for the Nazis to prove the power of the Master Race. The Nazis gave an outstanding performance in the use of radio for the reporters. Twenty transmitting vans were put at the administration of the foreign media along with 300 microphones. The radio broadcasts at the Olympics were given in 28 different languages. The director of NBC i n America congratulated the Nazis for this service this was a great triumph for the Public Entertainment and Propaganda MinistryRadio could also be considered as one of the greatest and most convincing propaganda. For example the Volksempfanger in 1933, 4.5 million German houses had broadcast access and were listening to it. This was thanks to the avail cogency of inexpensive radios. A factor of success of the radio was its personal nature, while the cinema was experienced with others, the radio had the ability for the Nazi party to talk to people in their own home, and also they could share it with the public thanks to the speakers in the streets.E. ConclusionThe National Socialist regime held absolute control over Germany between the years 1933 and 1939. The Nazis dominated every aspect of the everyday life of ordinary people and made it around out(predicate) for people to escape the influence of Nazism in their family, their work, and even thinking. Even though the Nazis did br ing some prosperity to Germany in economic ways at that time, the overall Nazi regime was based on terror and it was centred on the transformation of Germany which could only be completed by affecting the lives and thoughts of most, if not all of the German citizens. Most of the Nazi ideals were mainly promoted through films, radio, theatres and newspapers controlled by the National Socialist regime. There was no way of avoiding it it was spread across every form of entertainment and media of communication. A significant percentage of Germans seem happy with Nazi control, however, those who were not, were harshly punished by either the Gestapo or the SS. The propaganda used in the wartime had a massive effect in people causing lots of German Citizens to join the National Socialist ideas and helping the Nazis to gain control over almost every German citizen.F. Sources and Word CountWord Count 1994Bytwerk, Randall L. Bending Spines The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democr atic Republic. East Lansing Michigan State University Press, 2004.Kallis, Aristotle A. Nazi Propaganda and the Second World War. Basingstoke, UK Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.Nazi and East German Propaganda, Guide Page, German Propaganda archive.The Holocaust History Project ,

A Conjoint Analysis in High Involvement Purchase Decision

A Conjoint Analysis in High interlocking Purchase closingThere was a time when humans hardly c bed for the environment around them, they rather saw the environment as a sphere to simply hulk (Merchant, 1989, p.7-9). Human society as a whole has moved miles a office from that view point since thus. promptly, chances be high that even the regular Joe takes a see at the labels of the wares he wants to acquire to make sure they are non harmful to the environment.Customers nowadays non only look for an environmentally safe harvest-time however too look into the depths of the harvestion process of the express growth as well. Factors such as animal testing, child-labor and so on are strong determinants in m all consumer bribe terminations (De Pelsmacker, Driesen, Rayp, 2005, p.363 Unruh Ettenson, 2010a, p.96, 98). It is very common today that a regular coffee drinker makes sure that his/her coffee has UTZ dependent1logo, Rainforest Alliance Certified2logo, Fairtrade Certified3logo, and Eco-friendly labels on the coffee pack or the at the restaurant menu prior to purchase (Gurskis, 2009). Continuation of this mien can be seen when consumers pass on special(a) for their airfare to off-set their railcarbon footprint, purchase a low-energy motion sensitive bulb for home usage, or purchase organic or ecological food products (GGAS, 2011 Soil Association, 2010, p.4-9). free to say, these shifts in customer trends contribute created quiet big tinges for the seames and their policies around the globe. The emergence of the common consumer has made it absolutely essential for a melodic phrase enterprise to suffer somewhat detailed information closely its potential and/or exist customers (DSouza, Taghian, Lamb, Peretiatkos, 2006, p.144 Ryan, 2006 p.1). With more and more consumers paying more attention to the environmental features of the products and allowing to pay more for such sustainable products, marketing (in the sense of transparent communication) of sustainable products to the potential and existing consumers has wrick more important than ever.Sustainable or eco-friendly product offerings can accelerate business growths, enable innovations, and build, rebuild, or establish stations (Ottman, 2006). From 2007 to 2009, the launch of eco-friendly products has increased by more than 500% across the globe (Unruh Ettenson, 2010a, p.94). Such an influx did not go unnoticed by the executives. Top businesses around the world now understand that being environmentally responsible can pave the way the to both business growth as well as differentiation (Unruh Ettenson, 2010a, p.96). And sustainability for the business enterprise can be achieved by striking a proportionateness amid social, environmental, and commercial goals (Unruh Ettenson, 2010b, p.113).The jet plane trend has made its ground in virtually all product and receipts categories such as water gain vigors to change products to electronics. Today web h osting portion providers such as iPage, fatcow, hostgator etc. take away g matchless jet4. The trend is so strong that even cable service providers are trying to come up with ways to go green (Unruh Ettenson, 2010b, p.114).The Green House Effect or global warming have become household phenomena these days. Either way, a change in global climate could result in severe consequences for planet earths vegetation, lifeforms (including human beings), habitable lands in short, the unblemished planet would be in danger (Held Soden, 2000, p.441-443). This danger warning was the reason behind the formation of the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change and invent a global treaty with the aim of stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system (UNFCCC, 2005, p.5).1.2 The Emergence of Green Cars gibe to reports by Federation Belge De lIndustrie De Automobile Et Du C ycle or FEBIAC (2008, cited in De Craecker De Wulf, 2009, p.1), annually or so 28 tonnes of carbonic acid gas is deposited to the atmosphere of which 37% comes from production of energy and 25% from transportation sector. The report in any case states that 10% of the annual global Carbon Dioxide or CO2 emissions are caused by private cable cars.So, it is no wonder that the locomote sector is one of the prime concerns for the environmental protection activities. The extremity for green cars or environmentally friendly vehicles was slap-uper than ever.The automobile industry formally stepped into this Green or environment-friendly product category with Toyotas development and mass-marketing of Prius in 1997 (Lake, 2001). Since then Honda and many another(prenominal) leading automakers have followed suit. The list of auto-makers that already have developed and marketed hybrid (green) automobiles or those who are planning to introduce green automobiles is growing rapidly and eve n includes sports car giants Porsche (Unruh Ettenson, 2010a, p.98).As we have discussed above, the need for green products is growing day by day. About 75% of the European Union citizens are willing to purchase environment-friendly products (European kick, 2008). Cars are no exception. This European military strength can be justified by the Belgian example, where, between 2003-2008, the sales of eco-friendly cars (with CO2 emissions of less than 140 g/km) has treble while sales of more polluting cars (with CO2 emissions of 210-250 g/km) has decreased by 50% (FEBIAC, 2008, cited in De Craecker De Wulf, 2009, p6). About 75% of the European citizens are willing to purchase environment-friendly products (European Commission, 2008, p.27). This growing consumer need is one of the reasons for green cars emergence.The governments and regulatory agencies have also put new regulations to curtail emissions from the automobiles as transportation sector remains a major contributor of envir onmental pollution. The EU has implemented a policy of bring down CO2 emissions by 20% by the year 2020 (Lindfors Roxland, 2010, p.1). So, the member countries are applying various tactics and regulations to meet this goal. For example, Swedens automobile tax is now calculated based on the amount of carbon emissions by the automobile (Lindfors Roxland, 2010) and therefore creating an verifying push on the sales and development of the greener vehicles. The US government, among others, provides income tax credit of upto $7,500 for purchase of an galvanizing car in or after 2010 (US Department of Energy, 2010). UK, China, and France have government programs that provide incentives to motorists who are purchasing green cars as well (Vaughan, 2011). Many cities (such as Stockholm, London) are exempting green car owners from paying congestion tax, capricious tax etc (Lindfors Roxland, 2010).1.2.1 Automobile Industry InitiativeAs Unruh and Ettenson (2010b, p.110) points out, a race is on in virtually all business industries to produce green products. The automobile industry is no exception. To illustrate the importance of the emergence of the need for green or eco-friendly cars, Fords Chairman William C Ford said in 2003, The automobile business is about to give the most profound and revolutionary changes its seen since the pretending T beginning hit the streets. (Cited in Office of Technology Policy, 2003, p. 27). Of course, the Model T was the first ever vehicle to be produced. So, according to the chairman of the largest automobile company in the world, the importance of the eco-friendly innovations for the automobile industry has the same magnitude as the designing of the automobile itself.Association des Constructeurs Europens dAutomobiles (ACEA) states that sustainability is now the key concern of European automobile industry and in the process manufacturers delivered 50 new CO2 reducing technologies (ACEA, 2009, p.10). The automakers are requesting for a 40 billion loan fund to develop new technologies to improve the green cars (ACEA, 2009, p11). ACEA entered into a voluntary agreement with the European Commission in 1998 to cut down emissions. As a result, in 2008, the total CO2 emissions of the new cars have been reduced by 20% compared to that of 1998 (ACEA, 2009, p.15). The most strong aspect of this agreement is that the ACEA initiated this even before and legislative restrictions on emissions were put in place. The willingness of the automakers towards developing eco-friendly cars can be cl archaeozoic understood by this.Moreover, an ongoing initiative by the leading automobile manufacturers to produce even greener vehicles is gaining steady footing. Using bio-plastics for various engine and other components by Ford, Toyota, and Mazda yields proof to this (Guzman, 2010, p.20).Understanding the consumer preferences is one of the most fundamental activities for the businesses as this understanding leads to understanding t he consumers needs, and business firms exist to satisfy the consumer needs (Bettman, Luce, Payne, 1998, p.187 Solomon, 2009, p.35). The automobile industry is no exception and is very knifelike to understanding consumers preferences and answering the needs associated with the resulting needs and demands. For example, a consumer demand for a hybrid car with the plug-in electric option (a switch on option that enables the car to be driven only on electric power to travel a short distance) opted Toyota to develop the Prius PHEV that is due out in 2012 (Vasilash, 2010, p.28-29). Nissan has moved another(prenominal) step get ahead and introduced the Nissan Leaf an electricity provokeed car specifically designed for city traveling (Vaughan, 2011).1.3 Problem DiscussionAs this shoot intends to experiment the consumer preference of green cars, it falls under the category of consumer look or to be more precise green consumer expression. So, the authors looked into prior works into t he fields of green marketing, green consumer behavior, green consumer profiling, and most importantly studies related to green cars.The field of green marketing is relatively new as it was developed during the late 80s and the early 90s (Polonsky, 1994, p.1). So, the number of studies in this field is relatively fewer than other branches of marketing. The approach of identifying and analyzing environment conscious consumers and formulating appropriate marketing strategies has only subtracted over the last 2 decades (Moon, Florkowski, Brckner, and Schonhof, 2002).In case of green consumer profiling, as both the green products and the green consumers are relatively new in this market, the initial studies were not perpetually very conclusive. In studies conducted in the 90s, people were found to be conscious about environment and preferred the green products in general but did not intend to buy green products by themselves (Simmons Market Research Bureau 1991 Roberts 1996). So, the conclusion from these studies suggests that early consumers obtained the green attitude but not the behavior. However, subsequent studies supply that the situation is different now. Laroche, Bergeron, Barbaro-Forleo (2001) conducted a pick up in North America to develop a visibility of the green consumers. This pick up focused on consumers attitude, knowledge, values, demographics, and behavior and their twine on consumers willingness to pay more for environmentally friendly products or services. While the contain finds that about 80% consumers are willing to pay more for green products, they would refuse to buy products (even green products) from the companies that are known to be polluters (Laroche et. al., 2010, p.519).Although the teaching by Laroche et. al. (2001) provides evidence of the transformation of consumer attitudes into behavior and successfully develops a profile of potential green consumers it does not do so in a specific product or service category. That is, the developed profile may be useful to know the state of the green consumers, but it fails to provide us with information regarding a customer profile for a specific product. So, a need for green product or service (such as green or environment-friendly cars) specific consumer profiling exists in the academic arena.The studies relating consumers to green cars are even scarcer as the development of first successful green car dates back to only 1997 and, therefore, even fewer studies are conducted concerning green cars. However, the authors have encountered a few green or environment-friendly car related studies. These studies were conducted in Sweden, The Netherlands, and Taiwan.The first evidenced environmental-friendly car specific depicted object was conducted in the Netherlands by Rijnsoever, Farla, Dijst (2009). They investigated the consumer preferences and information channels used for car purchases of about 1500 car owners using cluster analysis. Although green car specif ic, this study only covered existing car owners and did not investigate potential buyers and their preferences. The study was also more investigative of the information channels used prior to the purchase of the current vehicles.The next examined green car related study is by Lindfors Roxland (2010) that looks into the impact of Swedish governments green car rebate program on green cars sales performance. The results of the study showed that although the green car sales increased due to the rebate program, the program power be costing too much in terms of benefit (Lindfors Roxland, 2010, p.38). This study was conducted from the regulators point of view and examined the impact of incentives, regulations, and restrictions on the sales performance of the green cars and did not investigate the consumers or their preferences in any way.Jansson, Marell and Nordlund (2009) used a cluster analytical approach concerning green purchase and quelling behavior on Swedish car owners as well. The study was conducted on Swedish car owners. There are two major components that have been place in this research to measure green consumers attitude and behavior. The tendency of green purchasing behavior is to obtain green products and green technologies, while, on the other hand, curtailment behavior is to chop down the use of conventional products (Jansson, Marell and Nordlund, 2009). Value, Belief and Norm(VBN) theory has been taken into account to profile consumers. However, the researchers merely focused on substitute(a) fuel vehicles (AFVs) and not on other versions of green cars. In addition, the investigation was conducted only on car owners that show the post purchase behavior of car owners. This study did not investigate the potential owners and their preferences.The last examined green car related literature is an International Association for Management of Technologies (IAMOT) conference paper by Li-Hsing, Yi-Chun, Kun-Shiang (2006) presented in Beijing. This pap er investigated the consumer preference of potential consumers of green cars in Taiwan. Conjoint analysis was used to identify the preferred attribute sets of the consumers. This study was conducted as green cars were about to enter the Taiwanese market, and although the results identify only 20% of the respondents as potential buyers (Li-Hsing, Yi-Chun, Kun-Shiang, 2006. p.6-8). Although this paper works to develop a consumer profile of green cars in Taiwan, it is rudimentary as it could not take into account the post-purchase behavior (as green cars were to be introduced to the market and therefore no existing owners were there) of the consumers. The authors also acknowledge the inability of the study to be representative of Taiwanese market due to online data collection process and therefore the wish of reliability of the responses (Li-Hsing et.al., 2006. p.7).From the reviewed studies, we can conclude that a study that represents the potential owners of green automobiles may be of great importance from both business and academic perspective. Now, with the emergence of the Green Cars, consumers have different options in selecting their automobile of choice. So, an understanding of what factors or attributes of a green car can make a consumer tick or turn away can be of great academic interest. And, in light of the prior literature review, the authors believe that a green car specific study focusing on consumer preferences (including both existing car owners and potential car owners) is important to gain further knowledge in the field of green consumer behavior. And to the best of our knowledge, no other previous studies have used conjoint analysis to examine preferences of both potential and existing consumers on green cars rather they used cluster analysis, cross-sectional surveys, or co-variance models. So we believe a study employing Conjoint analysis would enable us to obtain an indirect mapping of the consumer preferences that would be helpful in an swering the identified research gap.1.4 Research QuestionThe research questions that the authors would like to answer through this study isWhat are the determining attributes of consumers green car choice?How the defined attributes influence the consumer decision concerning green cars?1.5 Research purposeThe authors intend to study the consumer preferences concerning green car purchase. The authors would identify the determining factors in the green (car) purchase decision process. The study would examine both the existing and the potential green car owners to get the measure of the attitude towards the different attributes of green cars. A secondary purpose would be to partially develop a consumer profile of green car consumers.1.6 Limitations of the StudyThis study will be conducted in Sweden and therefore only the Swedish rendering of Green car will be taken into account. We understand that doing so, a global generalization may be inappropriate and unachievable.We conducted our study based on respondents from Ume and Stockholm only. Although we tried to study the Swedish consumers attitude towards green cars, a study based on only two cities may not be entirely representative of entire Sweden.While our study relates to the marketing field of Green Consumer Behavior, we have only focused on the automobile sector. A study incorporating other aspects of green consumer behavior might have yielded a better understanding.This study will examine the consumer preferences related to the specifications available to existing green cars only. The developments in the pipeline are not considered. So, upon the arrival of such developments, a similar study might be conducted.We understand that the green market is evolving fast. This study aims to examine the current green consumers. Further evolution to the green consumer behavior may yield a need to study many different aspects of the consumer preferences apart from the ones we will examine in this study.1.7 Disposition* * Text will be added here.CHAPTER-TWO(Work is in progress)2. Theoretical Framework2.1 Defining Green CarThe exact definition of green cars differs from one country to another. However, we may start by stating the conventional perception of green cars. Any car that pollutes less (in reality, emits less CO2 or other pollutants into the atmosphere) may be considered to be environment friendly or green. There are many versions of green cars available in the market. These include, Alternative Fuel fomite or AFV, Patrol-Electricity Hybrid, Diesel-Electricity Hybrid, Bio-Fuel vehicle, and Electric vehicles.The AFVs run on non-fossil fuel such as Ethanol (alcohol), while the Hybrids use traditional fossil fuel along with an electric motor for reduced emission and increased efficiency. Bio-fuel vehicles use fuels produced from renewable organic sources such as Bio-diesel. These vehicles produce less emissions than traditional vehicles. Electric vehicles do not use any fuel at all and run on rechargeable battery-powered engines. These vehicles produce zero or no emissions, however, they have passably short driving range.2.1.1 Green Car in Swedish ContextBoth the authors are currently residing in Sweden and therefore would like to conduct this study on Swedish consumers of green cars. So, the specific Swedish definition of green cars would be appropriate here.According to Svensk frfattningssamling (SFS 2007, cited by Lindfors Roxland, 2010, p.4), the Swedish definition of Environment-friendly Vehicles or Green Cars depends on the amount of carbon emissions and/or fuel consumption by a vehicle. For AFVs, if their consumption lies on a lower floor the energy equivalent of 9.2 liters of gasoline/ snow km, or 8.4 liters of diesel/100 km or 9.7 m3 of gas/100 km, they would be considered as green cars. Electric cars are considered green if the consumption lies below 37 kWh/100 km. For traditional or fossil-fuel powered vehicles, if their carbon dioxide emissions lie below 1 20 g/km, they would be considered to be green. Diesel powered cars must(prenominal) also have a particle emission of less than 5 mg/km meaning that they need to have a particle filter fitted to be green.2.2 Green Consumer BehaviorGreen consumer behavior may refer to the consumers attitude towards environment friendly products (Roozen De Pelsmacker, 1998, p.23). From this simple definition we can derive that when the consumer attitude towards purchasing (or not) a product is influenced by the green or environment friendly features of the product, we may call that green behavior. Aside from just purchasing, green behavior also includes performing other environmentally responsible activities as well, such as recycling, working in environmental organizations, taking part in environmental-friendly movements etc. (Haanp, 2007, p.478).In terms of purchasing green, Young, Hwang, McDonalds, Oates (2010) state that consumers purchase green products for everyday use fairly easily but search for information extensively when it comes to high-technology products. They also say that in case of high-technology products, consumers are willing to pay extra and buy green product if it has credible environmental labelling, such as European Commission or EC Energy Label (Young, Hwang, McDonalds, Oates, 2010, p.23). So, having a reliable certification is an important aspect for green consumers.As mentioned earlier, green consumer behavior is not only concerned with purchase of product(s), it also involves not purchasing as well. As Laroche et.al. (2001) point out, majority of the consumers would not purchase products of polluting companins, Young et.al. (2010) find that brand boycotting over environmental concerns has become a regular occurrence as well (De Pelsmacker et.al., 2005, p.364 Young et.al., 2010, p.23).2.2.1 Determinants of Green Consumer BehaviorThe determining factors for green consumer purchases tend to be consumers strong green value, prior purchase experience, a vailable time for information search concerning the product(s), knowledge about product relevant environmental issues, availability of the product, and of course, affordability of the said product (Young et.al., 2010, p.29).So, an absence or weakened presence of any of these factors may adversely effect green consumer behavior. This can be justified by the decision of De Pelsmacker et.al. (2005). In that study, the key causes of not performing green stems from unavailability or limited availability of green products, lack of credibility of green label issuer, and lack of accessibility of green product information (De Pelsmacker et.al., 2005, p.383).2.2.2 Consumer Preference towards GreenConsumer preference is the basic groundwork to measure consumer demand and how they act in terms of buying a product. In economic and cognitive psychology traditions, consumer behavior is assumed as rational and consistent. Consumers act consistently on the basis of their preferences and beliefs (Rok ka and Uusitalo, 2008,p.517). This is the subjective experience of an individual through which one can measure product attributes from various bundles of goods. As heightened rise of environmental issues consumers are well aware of their environmental product selection. In terms of auto mobility, studies have been found that consumers are highly aware about negative impacts of auto mobility but can not be referred to the changes in car use and purchase behavior. Although attitude and corresponding behavior are interrelated but in practice they find it hard to understand these values of attitude into behavior (Young et. al. 2010, p.20 Rijnsoever et.al. 2009,p.335).2.3 Consumer Decision-making ProcessConsumer behavior is an intermingle of more than one academic disciplines. It blends with psychology, sociology, economics, business and anthropology (Jansson, 2009, p.17). But the relationship of consumer behavior with marketing is inseparable. However, consumer behavior is a vast area of subject that starts with problem recognition and ends up with post-purchase behavior and evaluation (Jansson, 2009, p.17).In order to understand green consumer behavior, we must start from our understanding of the consumer decision make process. This decision making is the outcome of a consumers behavior (be it positive or negative) towards a certain product or service2.3.1 The Five Stage Consumer Decision making ProcessIn order to understand green consumer behavior completely, we must start from our understanding of the consumer decision making process. This decision making is the outcome of a consumers behavior (be it positive or negative) towards a certain product or service.A consumer goes through quintette stages during the decision making process. These stages are, Problem Recognition, Information Search, evaluation of Alternatives, Product Choice or Purchase Decision, and Outcomes or Purchase Evaluation (Solomon, 2009, page 350-352).Figure01 Stages of Consumer Decision Making ProcessImage source Solomon, 2010, p.351A consumer, recognizing the need searches for information available for satisfying that specific need. The information search may have various sources, such as friends, family, product commercials, internet search etc. Upon receiving sufficient information, the consumer evaluates or compares available alternative products or services that would meet his/her needs. Upon completion of this comparison process, the consumer then decides on which product or service to obtain, and after completing the purchase, the consumer evaluates the purchased product or service against the original need. If there is a gap between the product performance and the need, the consumer starts over these stages by initiating further information search and so on.1. Need Recognition This is the initial stage in the consumer decision process. A consumer recognizes or realizes his/her need to solve a problem or fulfill a deficiency at this point. The need could be as simple as need for food, or as complex as need for enjoying a movie in a THX certified surround sound system.2. Information Search Now the consumer begins acquiring information concerning the solution to his/her problem or need. For low-involvement purchases, this stage tends to be short while for the high-involvement purchases information search is almost always extensive (Jobber, 2004, p79).3. Evaluation of Alternatives Upon collecting sufficient information, the consumer evaluates and compares among the available alternatives that would serve the need. Usually for the higher costing and/or technical products, this step is very extensive as the consumer usually wants the alternative list to be exhaustive (Jobber, 2004, p.79)4. Purchase Decision This step is the outcome of the alternative evaluation step. Here the consumer chooses the alternative that would satisfy his/her need. The consumers decision of not selecting any alternatives (as none of the available alternatives m ay be suitable for the need) is also taken in this stage. Upon decision making, the consumer makes the purchase.5. Purchase Evaluation This perhaps is the most important step for the business enterprise in the consumer decision making process. Here, the consumer evaluates his/her purchase decision and measures his/her satisfaction. If a high degree of satisfaction is attained, likelihood of repeat purchases would be greater, while dissatisfaction would not only eliminate the chance of a repeat purchase but also result in negative marketing of the product/service by the concerned consumer.This is a very basic and simple approach that we as consumers take almost everyday while selecting products to shop. This process implies that a product or service is a solution to a problem and we respond to that problem by researching, deciding, and finally acquiring the product/service that answers the said problem.The above mentioned five stages are not always equally important. For example, t he decision process for purchasing hand soap and a TV would be different. While a consumer might rely on prior experience during a hand soap purchase and get it done in minutes without even comparing between alternatives, s/he might spend days in the information search stage and in comparison stage before finally deciding and making a TV purchase.As we mentioned earlier that automobile purchase falls under the high involvement product purchase category, some further understanding is required aside from this simple five stage process. As the green car is not merely the solution to a problem but is an effort to answer the growing consumer awareness of the environment, we need to examine the product decision process in a different and detailed way.2.3.2 High Involvement Purchase Decision Making The Cognitive ConsumersThe decision making process is comparatively complex in terms of high involvement purchase process. Consumers shrink more extensive pre-purchase information search in hig h involvement purchase (Foxall, Goldsmith, and Brown, 1998, p.28). The central point of this study is environment friendly cars. So, the framework has bony on high involvement green car purchase decision process.Consumers seek information willingly in terms of extensive problem resolving situation (Peter and Olson, 2005, p.188). According to Foxall, et.al. (1998, p.28-29) there are three major steps of high involvement decision making process stimulus (receiving environmental stimuli- attentional and perceptual filter), organism (interpretation, formation and evaluation), and response (developing, acting, re-evaluating, storing). The S-O-R psychology is based on cognitive science. The three steps decision process can be modify as inputs, central processing and outputs. The process primarily generated from social, business, cultural, political and economic environment (Foxall, et. al. 1998, p.29).Figure 02 Consumer Choice Process ModelSource Adapted from Foxall, Goldsmith, and Bro wn, 1998,p.29According to, Rijnsoever, Farla, and Dijst (2009, p. 335) consumers form an attitude before they get involved into purchasing a new car that lead them towards the probability of possessing a new car.2.3.3 Multi-Attribute Attitude ModelA car is a product that can be seen as a bundle of attributes. So, we need to consider choice behaviors as an automobile purchase involves a choice among two or more options (Ajzen, 2008, p.526). The Multi-At

Indecision, Hesitation and Delay in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay

The very(prenominal) intelligent prince in William Shakespeares Hamlet is a dallying type, especially at the crucial prayer scene where the king appears very vulnerable. But some esteemed literary critics do not consider the hero to be a procrastinator at all. Let us in this essay examine various points of view on the prince various episodes indicting dallying or the opposite. Harry Levin comments on Hamlets uncharacteristic hesitation in dispatching the king, in the General Introduction to The Riverside Shakespeare Comparably, Hamlet has been taken to task or, perhaps more often, sentimentalized for an alleged inability to make up his mind. Actually, both the testimony some him and his ultimate heroism show that his hesitations are uncharacteristic. It is a measure of the baffling predicament in which he finds himself that the native hue of resolution Is sicklied oer with the pale cast of thought (III.i.84) If Hamlets personality seems peculiarly elusive, if his different inte rpreters can endow him with such widely differing characteristics, it is because his part is presented subjectively, much of it confided to us through soliloquies. (24) David Bevington, in the Introduction to Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet, eliminates some possible reasons for Hamlets hesitation in killing Claudius during the prayer scene some(prenominal) limits can be placed upon the search for an explanation of Hamlets apparent hesitation to avenge. He is not ineffectual under ordinary circumstances. Elizabethan theories of melancholy did not suppose the sufferer to be made necessarily inactive. Hamlet has a deserved reputation in Denmark for manliness and princely demeanor. He keeps up his fencing practice ... ...n and Audio Performance. Rutherford, NJ Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1988. Levin, Harry. General Introduction. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Nevo, Ruth. Acts III and IV Problems of Text an d Staging. Modern Critical Interpretations Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea planetary house Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from Tragic Form in Shakespeare. N.p. Princeton University Press, 1972. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html West, Rebecca. A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. bust Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT Yale University Press, 1957.

The Language of MIT :: Numbers School Education Communication Essays

The Language of MIT I have 18.02 due at 400 P. M. on 11/14/00 in 16-135. Then I have to go to 8.01 in 26-100 at 500 P. M. and get at least a 65 on Exam 3. Do you remember the Athena cluster combination? Oh, yeah, its 43169*. To an average person, this jargon sounds like a computer code or a series of misunderstandings. However, every MIT student has probably said and heard something like this to describe his or her schedule in a small part of the day. add up are the language at MIT, and they specify all sorts of places, classes, work, time, and even the students themselves. This powerful yet simple system of communication has completely engulfed this school and made ecesis much easier because of the clarity of numbers and the obscurity of language. Even before I considered applying to MIT, I thought of this school as a center of mathematics and science. Of argumentation the name suggests this fact, but not until I visited the campus during the summer before my sen ior year of high school did I realize the truth of that statement. My visit began with directions to lobby 7 where I would meet with a tour guide. Coming from a high school where all the buildings were named and clearly labeled external, I expected a giant number seven on the front edifice of a building to designate it from the others, but I had no such luck. Instead, I scanned the symbolise of the campus several times before finding Building 7 on Massachusetts Avenue. I did not find this designation for the building anywhere outside until I went in and saw one of the doors inside surrounding the massive lobby. When my tour began, the guide led us through a myriad of kindred halls and corridors until we finally went outside. She began to describe the numbering system across campus and explained that many of the buildings we walked through were distinguished on the outside only by numbers on the doors, which I had not understood quite yet. Then she listed some of the requir ed freshman courses including multiple semesters of Calculus and the three main natural sciences. Following the tour was an breeding session for prospective students and their parents to ask questions about the admissions process.